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IIn the early 1990s, there was a near complete overlap between poor people and poor countries, with more than 9 out of 10 of the world’s extreme poor living in low-income countries at the time. This picture changed over the following two decades, in part driven by the movement in and out of the low-income group of populous countries like China and India where most of the extreme poor lived.

The world’s poorest population have faced two extraordinarily difficult years. The pandemic has caused unprecedented reversals in poverty reduction that are further exacerbated by rising inflation and the effects of the war in Ukraine.

The concept of development resilience – the ability to be and remain well-off when faced with shocks and stressors – is a growing area of research and fast becoming a mainstay of policymaking and development programming. It is, in part, a justifiable and even urgently necessary reframing of well-established ideas in food security and vulnerability.